Linguistics: An Essential Introduction

Linguistics: An Essential Introduction

Edition for Students of English

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  • Contents
    • 1. Human language and language science
      • 1.1 What even is language?
      • 1.2 Studying language scientifically
      • 1.3 Thinking about standards and “proper” grammar
      • 1.4 Doing harm with language science
      • 1.5 Doing good with language science
    • 2. Language as a system of signs
      • 2.1 The linguistic sign
      • 2.2 Sense and reference
      • 2.3 Other types of signs
      • 2.4 Two levels of organization
    • 3. Phonetics
      • 3.1 Language modality
      • 3.2 Speech articulators
      • 3.3 Describing consonants: Place
      • 3.4 Describing consonants: Manner
      • 3.5 Describing vowels
      • 3.6 The International Phonetic Alphabet
      • 3.7 Syllables
    • 4. Phonology
      • 4.1 Phonemes and allophones
      • 4.2 A closer look at phonemes
      • 4.3 A closer look at allophones
      • 4.4 Motivations and limits of allophony
      • 4.5 Phonotactics
      • 4.6 Stress
      • 4.7 Intonation
    • 5. Morphology
      • 5.1 A first look at morphology
      • 5.2 Types of morphemes
      • 5.3 A closer look at roots and bases
      • 5.4 Derivation vs. inflection
      • 5.5 Typical functions of inflection
      • 5.6 Word-formation rules
      • 5.7 Compounds
      • 5.8 Word-formation without morphology
      • 5.9 Allomorphy
      • 5.10 Morphological typology
    • 6. Lexical semantics
      • 6.1 The study of word meaning
      • 6.2 A closer look at reference: extension
      • 6.3 From extension to intension
      • 6.4. How to represent meaning
      • 6.5 World knowledge and word meaning
      • 6.6 Denotation and connotation
      • 6.7 Word senses
      • 6.8 Lexical relations
      • 6.9 Semantic fields and frames
    • 7. Syntax
      • 7.1 Studying syntax
      • 7.2 Constituent tests
      • 7.3 Phrases
      • 7.4 Phrase structure rules
      • 7.5 Valency
      • 7.6 Clause structure
      • 7.7 Clause types and their relation to each other
    • 8. Sentence meaning
      • 8.1 Studying sentence meaning
      • 8.2 Propositions and truth conditions
      • 8.3 Conjunctions
      • 8.4 Presupposition
    • 9. Pragmatics
      • 9.1 Studying speaker meaning
      • 9.2 The Cooperative Principle
      • 9.3. Illocutionary force
      • 9.4 Direct and indirect speech acts
    • 10. Text linguistics
      • 10.1 What is a text?
      • 10.2 Textual coherence
      • 10.3 Textual cohesion
      • 10.4 Is cohesion coherence?
      • 10.5 Classifying texts: Genre
      • 10.6 Other classifications of texts
    • Appendix 1. Signed language phonetics and phonology
      • A1.1 Signed language articulators
      • A1.2 Describing signs
      • A1.3 Signed language notation
      • A1.4 Signed language phonology
    • Appendix 2. Morphology in signed language
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8. Sentence meaning

Contents

8.1 Studying sentence meaning

8.2 Propositions and truth conditions

8.3 Conjunctions

8.4 Presupposition

Other Resources

  • Practice the IPA with Leeli
  • Workgroup Wiki
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Linguistics: An Essential Introduction

  • 1. Human language and language science
    • 1.1 What even is language?
    • 1.2 Studying language scientifically
    • 1.3 Thinking about standards and “proper” grammar
    • 1.4 Doing harm with language science
    • 1.5 Doing good with language science
    • Back
  • 2. Language as a system of signs
    • 2.1 The linguistic sign
    • 2.2 Sense and reference
    • 2.3 Other types of signs
    • 2.4 Two levels of organization
    • Back
  • 3. Phonetics
    • 3.1 Language modality
    • 3.2 Speech articulators
    • 3.3 Describing consonants: Place
    • 3.4 Describing consonants: Manner
    • 3.5 Describing vowels
    • 3.6 The International Phonetic Alphabet
    • 3.7 Syllables
    • Back
  • 4. Phonology
    • 4.1 Phonemes and allophones
    • 4.2 A closer look at phonemes
    • 4.3 A closer look at allophones
    • 4.4 Motivations and limits of allophony
    • 4.5 Phonotactics
    • 4.6 Stress
    • 4.7 Intonation
    • Back
  • 5. Morphology
    • 5.1 A first look at morphology
    • 5.2 Types of morphemes
    • 5.3 A closer look at roots and bases
    • 5.4 Derivation vs. inflection
    • 5.5 Typical functions of inflection
    • 5.6 Word-formation rules
    • 5.7 Compounds
    • 5.8 Word-formation without morphology
    • 5.9 Allomorphy
    • Back
  • 6. Lexical semantics
    • 6.1 The study of word meaning
    • 6.2 A closer look at reference: extension
    • 6.3 From extension to intension
    • 6.4. How to represent meaning
    • 6.5 World knowledge and word meaning
    • 6.6 Denotation and connotation
    • 6.7 Word senses
    • 6.8 Lexical relations
    • 6.9 Semantic fields and frames
    • Back
  • 7. Syntax
    • 7.1 Studying syntax
    • 7.2 Constituent tests
    • 7.3 Phrases
    • 7.4 Phrase structure rules
    • 7.5 Valency
    • 7.6 Clause structure
    • 7.7 Clause types and their relation to each other
    • Back
  • 8. Sentence meaning
    • 8.1 Studying sentence meaning
    • 8.2 Propositions and truth conditions
    • 8.3 Conjunctions
    • 8.4 Presupposition
    • Back
  • 9. Pragmatics
    • 9.1 Studying speaker meaning
    • 9.2 The Cooperative Principle
    • 9.3. Illocutionary force
    • 9.4 Direct and indirect speech acts
    • Back
  • 10. Text linguistics
    • 10.1 What is a text?
    • 10.2 Textual coherence
    • 10.3 Textual cohesion
    • 10.4 Is cohesion coherence?
    • 10.5 Classifying texts: Genre
    • 10.6 Other classifications of texts
    • Back
  • Exercises